2. Electrical Installation and Wiring

2.1 Domestic Installations

2.1.1 Lighting and Socket Circuits:
Lighting circuits typically use single-phase wiring with switches and loop-in systems. Socket outlets are connected in ring or radial configurations. Proper circuit design ensures load balancing and minimizes voltage drop.

2.1.2 Protection and Earthing:
Protection devices such as MCBs, fuses, and RCDs prevent overcurrent and shock hazards. Earthing provides a safe path for fault currents, reducing the risk of electrocution. Bonding ensures all metal parts are at the same potential, enhancing safety.

2.2 Commercial and Industrial Installations

2.2.1 Three-phase Systems:
Used in industries for heavy loads, three-phase power offers balanced loads and improved efficiency. Configurations like star (Y) and delta (Δ) determine voltage and current levels across circuits. Load balancing across phases prevents overloading and system failure.

2.2.2 Cable Management:
Proper routing of cables using conduits, trunking, and trays ensures safety and maintenance ease. Cable sizing depends on load current, insulation type, and installation conditions. Overloaded or improperly routed cables can overheat and cause fires.